Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemistry
[align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm]http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm[/url][/align][align=left] [/align]General Principles[url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm#start][b][color=#0000ff]Structure & Bonding[/color][/b][/url] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm#strc1][color=#008080]Electron Configurations of Atoms[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm#strc2][color=#0000ff]Chemical Bonding & Valence[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm#strc3][color=#0000ff]Charge Distribution in Molecules[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro2.htm#prb1][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro3.htm#strc4][color=#0000ff]The Shape of Molecules[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro3.htm#strc5][color=#0000ff]Isomers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro3.htm#strc6][color=#0000ff]Analysis of Molecular Formulas[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro3.htm#strc7][color=#0000ff]Resonance[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro3.htm#strc8][color=#0000ff]Atomic and Molecular Orbitals[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro3.htm#prb2][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/physprop.htm#exp3][b][color=#0000ff]Intermolecular Forces[/color][/b][/url] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/physprop.htm#exp4][color=#008080]Boiling & Melting Points[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/physprop.htm#exp5][color=#0000ff]Hydrogen Bonding[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/physprop.htm#xtal1][color=#0000ff]Crystalline Solids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/physprop.htm#exp6][color=#0000ff]Water Solubility[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/physprop.htm#prp2b][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx1][b][color=#0000ff]Chemical Reactivity[/color][/b][/url] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx2][color=#0000ff]Reaction Classification[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx2a][color=#0000ff]By Structural Change[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx2ab][color=#0000ff]By Reaction Type[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx1b][color=#0000ff]Acid-Base Reactions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx2b][color=#0000ff]Oxidations & Reductions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx3][color=#0000ff]By Functional Group[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4a][color=#0000ff]Reaction Variables[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4a][color=#0000ff]Reactants & Reagents[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4ab][color=#0000ff]Product Selectivity[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4ac][color=#0000ff]Other Variables[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react2.htm#rx7c][color=#0000ff]Reaction Rate[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4c][color=#0000ff]Intermediates[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react2.htm#rx7][color=#0000ff]Reaction Energetics[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react2.htm#rx6][color=#0000ff]Bond Energy[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4ac][color=#0000ff]Electronic Effects[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4ac][color=#0000ff]Steric Effects[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4ac][color=#0000ff]Solvent Effects[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4][color=#0000ff]Reaction Mechanisms[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4b][color=#0000ff]Curved Arrow Notation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#rx4c][color=#0000ff]Reactive Intermediates[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react2.htm#rx5][color=#0000ff]Reaction Illustrations[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react3.htm#rx10][color=#0000ff]Nucleophilicity & Basicity[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react3.htm#rx11][color=#0000ff]Acid-Base Catalysis[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react1.htm#prb3][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react3.htm#rx8][b][color=#0000ff]Aromaticity[/color][/b][/url] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react3.htm#rx8][color=#0000ff]Benzene[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react3.htm#rx8c][color=#0000ff]Fused Ring Compounds[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff]Other Aromatic Compounds[/color][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react3.htm#rx9a]The Hückel Rule[/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/react3.htm#prb3b][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomen1.htm#start][b][color=#0000ff]Nomenclature[/color][/b][/url] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomen1.htm#nom1][color=#0000ff]Alkanes[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomen1.htm#nom2][color=#0000ff]Cycloalkanes[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomen1.htm#prp4][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomen1.htm#nom3][color=#0000ff]Alkenes & Alkynes[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomen1.htm#nom4][color=#0000ff]Substituted Benzenes[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomexmp2.htm#nom5][color=#0000ff]Other Functional Groups[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nomen1.htm#prp5][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterisom.htm#start][b][color=#0000ff]Stereoisomers Part I[/color][/b][/url] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterisom.htm#isom1][color=#0000ff]Alkene Configurational Isomers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterisom.htm#isom3][color=#0000ff]Cycloalkane Configurational Isomers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterisom.htm#prp6][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterisom.htm#isom4][color=#0000ff]Conformational Isomers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterisom.htm#isom5][color=#0000ff]Ethane[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterisom.htm#isom6][color=#0000ff]Butane[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#isom7][color=#0000ff]Cycloalkanes[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#isom8][color=#0000ff]Substituted Cyclohexanes[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#prp7][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#isom9][b][color=#0000ff]Stereoisomers Part II[/color][/b][/url] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#isom10][color=#0000ff]Chirality & Symmetry[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/symmetry/symmtry.htm#start][color=#0000ff]Symmetry Elements[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#isom11][color=#0000ff]Enantiomorphism[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism2.htm#isom12][color=#0000ff]Optical Activity[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom13][color=#0000ff]Configurational Nomenclature[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom14][color=#0000ff]Compounds with Several Stereogenic Centers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom15][color=#0000ff]Stereogenic Nitrogen[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom16][color=#0000ff]Fischer Projection Formulas[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom17][color=#0000ff]Achiral Diastereomers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom17b][color=#0000ff]Other Configurational Notations[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom18][color=#0000ff]Resolution[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#isom19][color=#0000ff]Conformational Enantiomorphism[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterism3.htm#prp8][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/suppmnt1.htm#exp2][b][color=#0000ff]Summary of Isomerism[/color][/b][/url][/align][b]
[color=#0000ff][/color][/b][b][color=#0000ff][align=left][/align][/color][/b]Other Topics[align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/spectro.htm#intro][b][color=#0000ff]Spectroscopy[/color][/b][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/MassSpec/masspec1.htm#ms1][color=#0000ff]Mass Spectrometry[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/UV-Vis/spectrum.htm#uv1][color=#0000ff]Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm#ir1][color=#0000ff]Infrared Spectroscopy[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/nmr/nmr1.htm#nmr1][color=#0000ff]Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/biomol.htm][b][color=#0000ff]Biochemicals[/color][/b][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/carbhyd.htm#carb1][color=#0000ff]Carbohydrates[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/lipids.htm#lipid1][color=#0000ff]Lipids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/proteins.htm#aacd1][color=#0000ff]Proteins and Amino Acids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nucacids.htm#nacd1][color=#0000ff]Nucleic Acids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/nonionic.htm#rad1][color=#0000ff][b]Free Radicals[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/heterocy.htm#top1][color=#0000ff][b]Heterocycles[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/polymers.htm#polmr1][color=#0000ff][b]Macromolecules[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/orgmetal.htm#met10][color=#0000ff][b]Organometallic Chemistry[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/pericycl.htm#top1][color=#0000ff][b]Pericyclic Reactions[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/photchem.htm][color=#0000ff][b]Photochemistry[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/rearang2.htm#top1][color=#0000ff][b]Anionic Rearrangements[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/rearrang.htm#top1][color=#0000ff][b]Cationic Rearrangements[/b][/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/synth1.htm][b][color=#0000ff]Introduction to Synthesis[/color][/b][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/synth2.htm][color=#0000ff]Principles of Modern Synthesis[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/sterslct.htm#top1][color=#0000ff]Stereoselective Synthesis[/color][/url][/align]
Functional Group Reactions[b]Alkanes[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/funcrx1.htm#combust][color=#0000ff]Combustion[/color][/url] [/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/funcrx1.htm#halogen][color=#0000ff]Substitution (of H by halogen)[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/funcrx1.htm#prbx][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Alkenes[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene1.htm#add1][color=#0000ff]Electrophilic Additions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene1.htm#add1b][color=#0000ff]Strong Brønsted Acids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene1.htm#add2][color=#0000ff]Lewis Acids (non-Proton Electrophiles)[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene1.htm#add3b][color=#0000ff]Electrophilic Halogen Reagents[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#add3c][color=#0000ff]Other Electrophilic Reagents[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#add4][color=#0000ff]Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#add4b][color=#0000ff]Oxidation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#add5][color=#0000ff]Radical Additions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#add6][color=#0000ff]Allylic Substitution[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#add7][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#dien1][b][color=#0000ff]Dienes[/color][/b][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#dien2][color=#0000ff]Addition Reactions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#dien3][color=#0000ff]Diels-Alder Cycloaddition[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addene2.htm#dien4][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Alkynes[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add1][color=#0000ff]Addition Reactions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add1][color=#0000ff]Hydrogenation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add1bb][color=#0000ff]Electrophiles[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add3][color=#0000ff]Hydration & Tautomerism[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add4][color=#0000ff]Hydroboration[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add6][color=#0000ff]Nucleophilile Addition & Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add7][color=#0000ff]Acidity of Terminal Alkynes (Substitution of H)[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/addyne1.htm#add8][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Alkyl Halides[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx1.htm#hal1][color=#008080]General Reactivity[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx1.htm#hal2][color=#0000ff]Substitution(of X)[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx1.htm#hal2e][color=#0000ff]SN2 Mechanism[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx2.htm#hal5][color=#0000ff]SN1 Mechanism[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx3.htm#hal6][color=#0000ff]Elimination (of HX)[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx3.htm#hal9][color=#0000ff]Summary of Substiution vs. Elimination[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx4.htm#hal10][color=#0000ff]Substitution by Metals[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx4.htm#hal11][color=#0000ff]Elimination Reactions of Dihalides[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alhalrx4.htm#hal13][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Alcohols[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol1.htm#alcnom][color=#0000ff]Nomenclature[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol1.htm#alcrx1][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Alcohols[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol1.htm#alcrx1][color=#0000ff]Substitution of the Hydroxyl H[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol1.htm#alcrx2][color=#0000ff]Substitution of the Hydroxyl Group[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol1.htm#alcrx3][color=#0000ff]Elimination of Water[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#alcrx4][color=#0000ff]Oxidation of Alcohols[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#alcrx5][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Phenols[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#alcrx5][color=#0000ff]Acidity of Phenols[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#alcrx5b][color=#0000ff]Ring Substitution of Phenols[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#alcrx5c][color=#0000ff]Oxidation to Quinones[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#alcrx6][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Ethers[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#ethnom][color=#0000ff]Nomenclature[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#ethrx1][color=#0000ff]Preparation of Ethers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#ethrx2][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Ethers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#ethrx2][color=#0000ff]Acid Cleavage[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#ethrx2][color=#0000ff]Peroxide Formation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#ethrx2b][color=#0000ff]Epoxide Reactions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/alcohol2.htm#ethprb][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Thiols & Sulfides[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/special2.htm#top1a][color=#0000ff]Sulfur Analogs of Alcohols & Ethers[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Benzene & Derivatives[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx1.htm#benz1][color=#0000ff]Electrophilic Substitution[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx1.htm#benz1b][color=#0000ff]A Substitution Mechanism[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx1.htm#benz3][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Substituted Benzenes[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx1.htm#benz7][color=#0000ff]Reaction Characteristics[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx2.htm#benz8][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Disubstituted Rings[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx2.htm#benz9a][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Substituent Groups[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx2.htm#benz11][color=#0000ff]Nucleophilic Substitution, Elimination & Addition Reactions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/benzrx2.htm#benz12][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Amines[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#aminom][color=#0000ff]Nomenclature & Structure[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin2][color=#0000ff]Properties of Amines[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin2][color=#0000ff]Boiling Point & Solubility[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin3][color=#0000ff]Basicity of Nitrogen Compounds[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin4][color=#0000ff]Acidity of Nitrogen Compounds[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin5][color=#0000ff]Important Reagent Bases[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin6][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Amines[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin6][color=#0000ff]Electrophilic Substitution at Nitrogen[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin6b][color=#0000ff]Preparation of 1º-Amines[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin6c][color=#0000ff]Preparation of 2º & 3º-Amines[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine1.htm#amin6d][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine2.htm#amin7][color=#0000ff]Reactions with Nitrous Acid[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine2.htm#amin8][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Aryl Diazonium Intermediates[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine2.htm#amin9][color=#0000ff]Elimination Reactions of Amines[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine2.htm#amin10][color=#0000ff]Oxidation States of Nitrogen[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/amine2.htm#amin11][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Phosphines[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/special2.htm#top1c][color=#0000ff]Phosphorus Analogs of Amines[/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Aldehydes & Ketones[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#aknom][color=#0000ff]Nomenclature of Aldehydes & Ketones[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#akoc1][color=#0000ff]Occurrence of Aldehydes & Ketones[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#akoc1][color=#0000ff]Natural Products[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#akoc2][color=#0000ff]Synthetic Preparation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#prop][color=#0000ff]Properties of Aldehydes & Ketones[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx1][color=#0000ff]Reversible Addition Reactions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx1][color=#0000ff]Hydration & Hemiacetal Formation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx1a][color=#0000ff]Acetal Formation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx1b][color=#0000ff]Imine Formation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx1c][color=#0000ff]Enamine Formation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx1d][color=#0000ff]Cyanohydrin Formation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx2][color=#0000ff]Irreversible Addition Reactions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx2a][color=#0000ff]Complex Metal Hydrides[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx2b][color=#0000ff]Organometallic Reagents[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx3][color=#0000ff]Carbonyl Group Modification[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx3a][color=#0000ff]Wolff-Kishner Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx3b][color=#0000ff]Clemmensen Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx3c][color=#0000ff]Hydrogenolysis of Thioacetals[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket1.htm#rx4][color=#0000ff]Oxidations[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm#rx5][color=#0000ff]Reactions at the α-Carbon[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm#rx5b][color=#0000ff]Mechanism of Electrophilic α-Substitution[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm#rx6][color=#0000ff]The Aldol Reaction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm#rx7][color=#0000ff]Ambident Enolate Anions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm#rx8][color=#0000ff]Alkylation of Enolate Anions[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm#alktprb][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems [/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Carboxylic Acids[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd1][color=#0000ff]Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd2b][color=#0000ff]Natural Products[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd3][color=#0000ff]Related Derivatives[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd4][color=#0000ff]Physical Properties[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd4b][color=#0000ff]Acidity[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd5][color=#0000ff]Preparation of Carboxylic Acids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd6][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Carboxylic Acids[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd6][color=#0000ff]Salt Formation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd6b][color=#0000ff]Substitution of Hydroxyl Hydrogen[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd6c][color=#0000ff]Substitution of the Hydroxyl Group[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd7][color=#0000ff]Reduction & Oxidation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid1.htm#crbacd8][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems [/color][/url][/align][align=left][color=#0000ff][/color][/align][b]Carboxylic Derivatives[/b] [align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#acderv][color=#0000ff]Physical Properties[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#nomen][color=#0000ff]Nomenclature[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react][color=#0000ff]Reactions of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react1][color=#0000ff]Acyl Group Substitution[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react1b][color=#0000ff]Mechanism[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react2][color=#0000ff]Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react2a][color=#0000ff]Catalytic Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react2b][color=#0000ff]Metal Hydride Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react2c][color=#0000ff]Diborane Reduction[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#react3][color=#0000ff]Reaction with Organometallic Reagents[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid2.htm#crbacd8][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems [/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid3.htm#react5][color=#0000ff]Reactions at the α Carbon[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid3.htm#react5b][color=#0000ff]Acidity of α C–H[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid3.htm#react6][color=#0000ff]The Claisen Condensation[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid3.htm#react7][color=#0000ff]Synthesis Applications[/color][/url][/align][align=left][url=http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid3.htm#acidprb][color=#0000ff]Practice Problems[/color][/url][/align]
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