| 作者：任霄鹏 梅进 来源：科学网 www.sciencenet.cn 发布时间：2008-10-7 18:18:20 | ||||
Yoichiro Nambu
Makoto Kobayashi
Makoto Kobayashi和Toshihide Maskawa（右） 北京时间10月7日下午5点45分（官方网站公布时间为6点18分），2008年诺贝尔物理学奖揭晓，美日三科学家分享该奖。美国芝加哥大学恩里科•费米研究所的Yoichiro Nambu因发现亚原子物理学中自发破缺对称机制而获奖；日本两位科学家，日本高能加速器研究组织（KEK）的Makoto Kobayashi和日本京都大学汤川理论物理研究所（YITP）的Toshihide Maskawa，因发现破缺对称的起源并因此预测出自然界中至少三种夸克家族的存在而获奖。我们的世界并非以一种完美对称的方式运行，这归因于微观层面上对称性的“偏离”。 早在1960年，Yoichiro Nambu就用公式，对基本粒子物理学中的自发破缺对称进行了明确的数学描述。自发破缺对称将自然界的秩序隐藏在貌似混杂的表面之下。科学家已经证实，自发破缺对称是极其有用的，Nambu的理论也已渗透入基本粒子物理学的“标准模型”中。“标准模型”将所有物质最小的构建单元和自然界四种作用力中的三种，统一到单一的理论之下。 Nambu所研究的自发破缺对称与两位日本科学家Makoto Kobayashi和Toshihide Maskawa描述的破缺对称并不相同。这些自发事件似乎从宇宙的最初始就已经存在于自然之中。当它们在1964年的粒子实验中首次露出端倪时，物理学界彻底震惊。而直到近些年来，科学家才完全确证了Kobayashi和Maskawa在1972年提出的解释。他们获奖的原因也正在于此。他们在标准模型的框架内解释了破缺对称，但需要该模型拓展到三个夸克家族。这些预言的假想新夸克已经出现在最近的物理学实验中。直到2001年，美国斯坦福的BaBar粒子探测器和日本筑波的Belle探测器都独立探测到破缺对称。所得到的结果正如Kobayashi和Maskawa在30年前所料。 不过，一个迄今尚无法解释的同类破缺对称仍然深藏在宇宙的最初起源——约140亿年前的大爆炸中。如果当时创造出的物质和反物质总量是相等的，那么它们应该已经相互湮灭了。但这并未发生，对每100亿个反物质粒子而言，会有一个额外的物质粒子的微小偏离。似乎正是这一破缺对称令我们的宇宙幸存下来。而这一切发生的精确机制仍然是个未解之谜。或许全新的粒子加速器——大型强子对撞机（LHC）能够揭开其中的一些奥秘。 Yoichiro Nambu，美国公民，1921年生于日本东京，1952年获得东京大学理科博士学位，美国芝加哥大学恩里科•费米研究所名誉退休教授。Makoto Kobayashi，日本公民，1944年生于日本名古屋，1972年获得名古屋大学博士学位，日本高能加速器研究组织（KEK）名誉退休教授。Toshihide Maskawa，日本公民，1940年出生，1967年获得名古屋大学博士学位，日本京都大学汤川理论物理研究所（YITP）名誉退休教授。 据悉，Yoichiro Nambu将独享一半奖金，另外两位日本科学家各分享四分之一。奖金总额为1000万瑞典克朗。 更多阅读 科学网2008年度诺贝尔奖专题 法德两科学家因发现巨磁电阻现象分享07年诺贝尔物理学奖 08年诺贝尔物理学奖获奖贡献官方介绍材料（英文） 关于“破缺对称”（英文） |
科学网
|
最新回复
并且日本科研制度也有很大的弊端，要不是政府死命的投钱加上底子厚，估计马上就不行了...
但给反右和文革给耽误了。
只不过一直赶不上差距。。。
祝福。。。
This year's Nobel Prize in Physics pays homage to symmetry breaking, an abstruse but critical theory in physics that explains why matter should have persisted after the Big Bang. Developed in the 1960s and '70s, symmetry breaking also led to predictions about new types of quarks, which are subatomic particles that make up particles such as protons and neutrons.
The prize will be shared by three researchers. Yoichiro Nambu, 87, of the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago, will receive half the $1.4 million prize for, in the words of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, "the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics."
The other half of the prize will be shared by Makoto Kobayashi, 64, of the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization in Tsukuba, Japan, and Toshihide Maskawa, 68, of the Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics at Japan's Kyoto University, "for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature."
Kobayashi, who was reached by phone in Japan during a press conference at the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm announcing the prize, said he was "very glad" to have been honored. "It was a surprise—I did not expect it," he said.
Symmetry breaking is one of the cornerstones of the so-called standard model, which unites theories of matter and three of the four fundamental forces in nature—the electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces—professor Lars Bergström, secretary of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said at the conference, which was broadcast over the Web.
The theories also have implications for chemistry, notes Richard L. Hahn, a nuclear chemist at Brookhaven National Laboratory. "The concepts of symmetries and symmetry breaking are fundamental to our understanding of the universe in which we live and to all of the sciences, chemistry as well as physics," he says. "The eventual creation of the chemical elements in the early stages ... of the universe is also tied to these processes."
The ultimate importance of symmetry breaking is illustrated by the events that occurred after the Big Bang, when a slight imbalance or spontaneous "breaking" of symmetry between matter and antimatter particles allowed what we know as regular matter to establish a predominant presence over antimatter in the universe. If that had not occurred, matter and antimatter would have existed in equal amounts, and the particles would have simply annihilated each other.
"Because of this small breaking...we can sit here," Bergström said.
Chemical & Engineering News